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Marcus Aurelius and the Meditations
Marcus Aurelius (121 to 180 AD) was Roman emperor from 161 until his death. He wrote the Meditations, which he titled in Greek something like "To Himself", as private notes during military campaigns, mainly on the northern frontier. They were not meant for publication, which is part of their honesty.
The book has twelve books of short entries: reminders, self-criticism, prayers and exercises. It is one of the most widely read works of ancient philosophy.
Key ideas
- Judgment, not events, disturbs us.
- Act for the common good: we are made to work together.
- Keep the present in view; the past and future are not ours.
- View from above: imagine your troubles from the height of history to restore proportion.
- Memento mori: remembering mortality sharpens priorities.
Which translation?
George Long's 1862 translation is in the public domain and widely available. Gregory Hays's modern translation reads more easily. Both are good starting points.
How to read it
Do not read it straight through like a novel. Read a page or two each morning and choose one line to carry through the day.
In their own words
“If thou art pained by any external thing, it is not this thing that disturbs thee, but thy own judgement about it.”
Meditations 8.47 (George Long translation)
Put it into practice
Describe what you are carrying and receive a reflection from Marcus Aurelius, Seneca or Epictetus, applied to your situation. Three free consultations a day.
Ask the OracleFrequently asked questions
Did Marcus Aurelius write the Meditations for others?
No. They appear to be private notes to himself, which is why they read as candid and self-critical.
Was Marcus a Stoic philosopher or an emperor?
Both. He ruled the Roman Empire and practised Stoicism, studying it from a young age.
Where should a beginner start?
Try books 2 and 5 for morning-style entries, then browse freely.